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Deterrence is the use of punishment as a threat to deter people from offending. Deterrence is often contrasted with retributivism, which holds that punishment is a necessary consequence of a crime and should be calculated based on the gravity of the wrong done. The concept of deterrence has two key assumptions: the first is that specific punishments imposed on offenders will "deter" or prevent them from committing further crimes; the second is that fear of punishment will prevent others from committing similar crimes. ==Categories== Deterrence can be divided into three separate categories. Specific deterrence focuses on the individual in question. The aim of these punishments is to discourage the criminal from future criminal acts by instilling an understanding of the consequences. General or indirect deterrence focuses on general prevention of crime by making examples of specific deviants. The individual actor is not the focus of the attempt at behavioral change, but rather receives punishment in public view in order to deter other individuals from deviance in the future. The argument that deterrence, rather than retribution, is the main justification for punishment is a hallmark of the rational choice theory and can be traced to Cesare Beccaria whose well-known treatise ''On Crimes and Punishments'' (1764) condemned torture and the death penalty, and Jeremy Bentham who made two distinct attempts during his life to critique the death penalty. Incapacitation is considered by some to be a subset of specific deterrence. Incapacitation aims to prevent future crimes not by rehabilitating the individual but rather from taking away his ability to commit such acts. Under this theory, criminals are put in jail not so that they will learn the consequence of their actions but rather so that while they are there, they will be unable to engage in crime. Not all crime deterrence comes from a criminal justice system. Controversial academic Gary Kleck concludes evidence suggests that private gun ownership and use significantly deter crime, although some academics have concluded otherwise.〔Philip J. Cook; Jens Ludwig; David Hemenway, “(The gun debate’s new mythical number: How many defensive uses per year? )”, ''Journal of Policy Analysis and Management'', 16.3, 1997〕〔David Hemenway, “(The myth of millions of annual self-defense gun use: A case study of survey overestimates of rare events )”, ''Chance – American Statistical Association'', 10.3, 1997〕〔Philip J. Cook; Jens Ludwig, “(Defensive Gun Uses: New Evidence from a National Survey )” ''(Journal of Quantitative Criminology )'', 14.2, 1998〕〔David Hemenway; Deborah Azrael, “(The Relative Frequency of Offensive and Defensive Gun Uses: Results from a National Survey )”, ''(Violence and Victims )'', 15.3, 2000〕〔Daniel Webster; Jens Ludwig, “(Myths about Defensive Gun Use and Permissive Gun Carry Laws )”, ''(Berkeley Media Studies Group )'', 2000〕〔David Hemenway; Mary Vriniotis, “(Comparing the Incidence of Self-Defense Gun Use and Criminal Gun Use )”, ''(Harvard Injury Control Research Center )'', 2009〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Deterrence (legal)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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